![]() ![]() The aggregate consideration payable for Ghostlab will be as follows: ![]() The purchase price for the non-arm’s length acquisition of 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of Ghostlab is based on an enterprise value of up to $3.2 million, subject to the adjustments discussed below, and includes the assumption of approximately $1.8 million in negative equity. Ghostlab was able to prove out the software concepts to the point where Bitcoin Well believes that the software development arm has been accordingly de-risked and it would be in the best interests of the Company for Ghostlab to be directly contributing to the service offerings provided by Bitcoin Well. On January 1, 2020, Bitcoin Well spun-out its proprietary software development arm to Ghostlab and Ghostlab rebuilt the existing software as well as developed Ghostlabs’ proprietary ATM software that enables bitcoin to be more accessible and usable to the average person, but most importantly, makes it easier for operators to manage their businesses. Adam O’Brien and Dave Bradley (prior to his involvement with Bitcoin Well) co-founded Ghostlab in 2019. Ghostlab enables, or intends to enable, its customers to offer additional functionality within existing businesses, hardware, and platforms, and provides software which allows the operator’s users to access bitcoin. ![]() Read More: Productfy Selects Arroweye Solutions as Card Fulfillment Partner Ghostlab Acquisition Overviewīuilt by bitcoin entrepreneurs, for bitcoin entrepreneurs, Ghostlab works behind the scenes, building software solutions for innovative financial service providers and has been the trusted software provider to Bitcoin Well. “When acquired, the Ghostlab division of Bitcoin Well will expand the future potential SaaS revenue stream for Bitcoin Well, including from ATM software, merchant services and additional crypto asset digital services.” “Bitcoin Well’s potential acquisition of Ghostlab will bring technology that makes bitcoin more accessible and user friendly for the general public,” said Julian Klymochko, Chairman of Bitcoin Well. (“Ghostlab”), a software company that designs and develops software to improve the functionality and accessibility of modern financial technology and services, including Bitcoin ATM machines. Please contact one of our customer service or sales representatives for complete product information, sales inquiries, and the latest news & promotions from SkyLab.Bitcoin Well Inc., a company offering convenient, secure and reliable ways to buy, sell and use bitcoin through a trusted Bitcoin ATM network and suite of web-based transaction services, is pleased to announce that it has entered into a share purchase agreement on Augfor the acquisition of Ghostlab Inc. As you take a few moments to learn about our company, we hope you discover how working with SkyLab is not only a friendly experience, but how our corporate structure can help your business grow. Through new developments and key expansions, SkyLab remains a driving force in providing the latest in high quality digital lenses and complete frame & lens package solutions. SkyLab is well positioned to help support Independent ECP’s with a timely range of best-in-class products and services. We're happy to say that this philosophy is still at work, even during these uncertain times. Over the years, we've built our reputation on having the quality products you need when you need them, giving you the service you deserve and a commitment you can rely on. Throughout that time, we’ve served optical practitioners and retailers to meet the changing needs of their business.Īs one of the most reliable, independent producers and distributors of optical lenses in the country, we've continued our expansion to include a new, state-of-the-art, fully automated digital surfacing laboratory and AR coating facility. SkyLab traces its lineage back through over 80 years of optical history.
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![]() ![]() X-Windows: …The first fully modular software disaster. X-Windows: …The cutting edge of obsolescence. X-Windows: …Putting new limits on productivity. X-Windows: …It could be worse, but it’ll take time. X-Windows: …Ignorance is our most important resource. X-Windows: …Complex non-solutions to simple non-problems. X-Windows: …Flaky and built to stay that way. X-Windows: …Don’t get frustrated without it. X-Windows: …A mistake carried out to perfection. On the flip side, it required a lot of up-front investment to get it to this point. Having used the default macOS experience a few times at work (on machines far more powerful than my dinky laptop), I can assure you that my highly customized setup feels far more responsive. Personally, I run Linux with a tiling window manager and lots of custom keybindings and little scripts. If you want the best experience on macOS, you don't need to be technical. Of course, that's exactly macOS's advantage. As a result of these and many other factors, Linux's desktop UX remains far less optimized when compared to macOS's desktop UX.Īs with most of Linux's rough edges, however, this is trivially fixable if you're technical enough. Also, there are many competing interests working on the kernel who might oppose kernel-level optimizations which favor desktop usage at the cost of, for example, server usage. Not to mention, there are multiple competing groups of GUI people in the Linux community making coordination across these levels difficult. Unfortunately, there isn't as much communication between the GUI people and the kernel people in the Linux community as there is between those same groups at Apple Inc. ![]() Dozens of people have been evacuated from what is left of the structure, according to the report. The collapse of the Champlain Towers South condominium in the small, beachside town of Surfside, about 6 miles north of Miami Beach, was reported around 1:30 a.m, on Thursday, June 24.Īt least 102 people have now been accounted for, but it is uncertain how many were in the building when it came down. On Friday afternoon, officials confirmed that the number of people listed as missing after the collapse of a 12-storey building in the US city of Miami has risen to 159. The building’s owners settled the earlier case, court records showed. The filing said she had previously taken the same issue to court, where the building’s owners were found liable. The previous year, water had started coming in through cracks in the outer wall to Fainstein’s terrace, causing damage, the complaint said. Join Facebook to connect with Matilde Fainstein and others you may know. In 2015, Matilde Fainstein filed for damages in the Miami-Dade Circuit Court, saying the building’s owners “failed to repair or negligently repaired the common elements and the outside walls of the building.”
So I was really hardcore into that style of comedy and improv. Then Second City - SCTV, the Canadian TV show was another huge influence John Jandy Joe Flaherty, Eugene Levy, all those great people. And then when Monty Python came along, I was just knocked over, it was you know, they were the Beatles of comedy, and just could not get enough of those guys. So all the great classic comedy, physical comedy I loved. And we watched the Marx Brothers and Buster Keaton, Charlie Chaplin. TIM KITZROW: I was fortunate to have a good background, with my dad being in charge of the audiovisual department at a school, where he was a teacher, and he would bring home movies on the movie projector. JAMES PARKINSON: Tim Kitzrow’s path to voice work for video games was accidental, but ever since he was young he’s had a passion for creative fields, like acting, improv and music. From Lawson Media, this is Gameplay, a show about video games and the virtual worlds that power culture and community. JAMES PARKINSON: NBA Jam was the first video game that Tim ever worked on, but back in 1992, he had no idea just how much a few hours in the recording booth would shape his voice acting career. So that's where I kind of got that timbre, that tone that NBA Jam had, based off of what I heard, and then just making it my own. But, “Marv is always way up high!” So I would, you know, “FROM DOWNTOWN!”. ![]() And I translated it, you know, took what he had, which is that high energy, high end, top of his register - higher than my voice, you know, I've a deeper voice. That was Vinnie Johnson, “The Microwave” from the Detroit Pistons, you know, they were always playing The Bulls and that was always the Game of the Week when The Bulls played. So if you turn on telecasts, and you just start writing down lines that you hear a lot, you know, you'll get the whole NBA Jam script “REJECTED!”, “HE’S HEATING UP!”, “HE’S ON FIRE!”. And that person happened to be Marv Albert. TIM KITZROW: Basically, we were just trying to capture the sound of the NBA on NBC Game of the Week, because that's really where we got our basketball back then. So that was no different than just being a kid playing. Every kid's done it, anyone who's ever played sports has called the play, the home run, you know, the play at the plate. And like, every kid in the backyard, I would always call it out, “Kitzrow with three seconds left - two, one from the corner, he gets it, they win!”. I've also been a guy who played basketball my whole life. But somehow along the way, it just simply became me. And I knew that I wanted to emulate that. You know, the jump off point was realising that to me, Marv Albert, compared to other sports broadcasters, he brought that extra energy, as Kevin Harlan does now. I was like, envisioning, you know, Jordan, great plays, I would have specific plays in my head for a specific line, I would see it first. JAMES PARKINSON: In the voice-over booth Tim would envision big plays and channel that energy into his performance. JAMES PARKINSON: The inspiration for Tim’s character came directly from real-life commentators like Marv Albert. ![]() TIM KITZROW: Hi everyone, Tim Kitzrow from NBA Jam. JAMES PARKINSON: It’s the voice of Tim Kitzrow, who’s performances have contributed to NBA Jam’s longevity, and its prominence in popular culture. NBA Jam Game Audio: "KABOOM!", "HE’S HEATING UP!", "HE’S ON FIRE!", "BOOMSHAKALAKA!". JAMES PARKINSON: NBA Jam is a memorable arcade game for many reasons, but the first thing that comes to mind for a lot of its fans is the game’s announcer, for iconic lines like this. ![]() In this episode, we meet Tim Kitzrow, the voice behind the catchphrase, and how NBA Jam shaped his career as a voice actor for video games. NBA Jam is a memorable arcade game for many reasons, but the first thing that comes to mind for a lot of its fans is the game’s announcer, for iconic lines like “HE’S ON FIRE!”, and “BOOMSHAKALAKA!”. ![]() The game’s procedurally generated levels add an extra layer of challenge and intrigue as players explore different environments and face new kinds of enemies and objectives with each playthrough. Combat is also present within the game’s world, but players are encouraged to use tactics such as diversionary tactics or collaboration with the non-player characters to progress without engaging in direct confrontations. If that doesn’t work, find the StreetsOfRogue.exe in your Steam directory, right-click -> Properties -> Compatibility -> Check Run this program as an administrator, and click Apply. Streets of Rogue is a real-time Roguelike-ish PC game set in a Wretched Hive of a city filled with crooks and governed by a corrupt mayor the player. Streets of Rogue features fast-paced action as well as stealth mechanics that reward players for outsmarting their opponents. Try deleting all the files on your hard disk and reinstalling the game from Steam. Players take control of multiple characters - ranging from doctors, thugs and scientists - as they move through the city completing objectives, overcoming obstacles, and gaining power and influence with each successful mission. Entre las características que le dan un interés especial a Streets of Rogue se encuentra la libertad para que el jugador adopte un papel u otro dependiendo de sus intereses. The most insanely varied game ever made.Streets of Rogue is a chaotic sandbox rogue-lite set in a randomly generated city. * Lead a gang, free slaves, drink beer, gib ghosts, become a vampire, shrink people and stomp on them. * 4-Player online and local cooperative modes* lets you brutalize goons AND loneliness! * Stupidly huge variety of items! Shrink rays, hypnotizing devices, boomboxes, bear traps, food processors. ![]() * Play as over 20 (and growing!) wildly different types of characters! Bartender, scientist, hacker, gorilla - hey, your job is probably in there too! * Super-advanced artificial intelligence that won’t put up with your crap! Outsmart these virtual humans and feel superior to your computer! * Random world generation and TOTALLY EXTREME gameplay variety means you can play for 600 hours and not get bored! Seriously though, go outside!!! Streets of Rogue OST by Craig Barnes, released 20 September 2018 1. In the brilliant, bananas 2D roguelike Streets of Rogue, you play as one of 26 characters, killing targets and stealing macguffins from guarded buildings. Play the game YOUR way! Don’t want to kill anybody? That’s cool! Want to hack computers? Got ya covered! Or how about a hyper-intelligent gorilla, rescuing other caged gorillas to form a small mobilized gorilla army?.A genial bartender who can talk his way past the most intimidating of guards?.A stealthy scientist who uses chloroform and tranquilizer darts to silently take down the opposition?.Will you play as a soldier who shoots first and asks questions later?.In order to progress, the player will need to accomplish specific mission goals in any way they see fit through use of their special character traits, items, and the environment. Rather than taking place in a dungeon, the game is set in a functioning, procedurally generated city, where complex AI informs denizens from all walks of life, who are just trying to get by in their daily activities. 4) In-game -> Joining : Online -> LAN Game -> Enter Host Radmin IP ->. ![]() The game takes inspiration from fast-paced top-down rogue-lites like Binding of Isaac and Nuclear Throne, and adds free-form, experimentation-driven, emergent gameplay elements of RPGs like Deus Ex. 3) Run the game through StreetsOfRogue.exe, which is in the game folder. Streets of Rogue is a rogue-lite about player choice, freedom, and anarchic fun. SOUND - WASAPI (also tried DSOUND - no difference) Emulation Enabled Auto. CD & HD - CD drive image : data.cue (also tried with data.iso - no difference) \cd32.nvr Board type Original UAE (FS+F0) ![]() Any seconds that remain on the timer when the finish line is crossed are carried over to the next level. The game's goal is to guide a small glass marble over a three-dimensional maze and reach the finish line before the level's timer has expired. For decades, Ataris scrapped prototype arcade sequel Marble Madness II has been one of the un-emulated 'holy grails' for popular multi-platform emulator MAME. Galaga (Game Start) (1981) by Nobuyuki Ohnogi Game Over (Marble Madness) (1984) by Brad Fuller and Hal Canon Game Over (Super Contra) (1988) by Kazuki Muraoka. ROM - Main & Extened CD32 (40.60 - 512k) Flash RAM. Marble Madness is an abstract maze game for one or two players. If you like Marble Madness, you might also. Pretty much as the title states, a PCB for Marble Madness II was dumped. Marble Madness is an Easy listening song by Vomitron, released on November 7th 2016 in the album NESessary Evil. CHIPSET - AGA both Cycle-Exact Chipset Extra CD32 Keyboard connected Wait fro Blitter Sprite and sprite vs playfield Marble Madness II (Arcade) has been recovered, I put together a MAME driver for it. CPU/FPU - 68020 24bits MMU none FPU none Approximate A500/1200 CPU 4x But add spectacular 3D runways, breathtaking cliffs, deadly enemies and non-stop craziness - and Marble Madness becomes. Graphics and Sound A non-advertised fact about the PC version is that it supports 16-color graphics and 3-voice sound - but only on a Tandy or PCjr computer. ![]() Did I miss a special option in "Miscellaneous" or in another tab ?. Description The objective is simple - roll your marbles to the goal line. The Arcade version of Marble Madness appears in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die by General Editor Tony Mott. I use WinUAE 4.0.1 (2018.07.16) installed from scratch.ġ) Tried with QuickStart (CD32) + ISO -> No musicĢ) Configured everything manually -> No musicģ) Used the configuration provided by turrican3 -> No musicĭamn. ![]() The audio was arranged, completely by ear, for the NES by David Wiseusing an audio driver developed by Chris Stamper. The sound fx are presents, it's only the music (exception for GODS there is a music when the game is loading (before the menu (start/code) but not on level 1). The original arcade music of Marble Madness was composed by Brad Fullerand Hal Canon. Unfortunately, whatever I do on WinUAE, I have absolutely no music I gave another try to this "Marble Madness CD32" (as well as "GODS CD32 (v1 & v2)". ![]() On August 25, 2022, a new game titled Puzzle Bobble Everybubble! was announced for Nintendo Switch. For Bubble Bobble's 35th anniversary, Taito launched Puzzle Bobble VR: Vacation Odyssey on the Oculus Quest and Oculus Quest 2, later coming to PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 as Puzzle Bobble 3D: Vacation Odyssey in 2021. Mobile clones include Bubble Witch Saga and Bubble Shooter. On September 24, 2000, British game publisher Empire Interactive released a similar game, Spin Jam, for the original PlayStation console. Worms Blast was Team 17's take on the concept. 1996's Snood replaced the bubbles with small creatures and has been successful in its own right. The simplicity of the concept has led to many clones, both commercial and otherwise. IGN rated the SNES version 54th in its Top 100 SNES Games. This is one puzzler that isn't a bust." Edge magazine ranked the game 73rd on their 100 Best Video Games in 2007. GamePro 's brief review of the 3DO version commented, "The move-and-shoot controls are very responsive and the simple visuals and music are well done. He remarked that though the 3DO version makes no significant additions, none are called for by a game with such simple enjoyment. ![]() Next Generation reviewed the SNES version of the game, and stated that "It's very simple, using only the control pad and one button to fire, and it's addictive as hell." Ī reviewer for Next Generation, while questioning the continued viability of the action puzzle genre, admitted that the game is "very simple and very addictive". They also criticized the lack of any 3D effects in the graphics. GamePro gave it a generally negative review, saying it "starts out fun but ultimately lacks intricacy and longevity." They elaborated that in one player mode all the levels feel the same, and that two player matches are over too quickly to build up any excitement. He considered the two player mode the highlight, but also said that the one player mode provides a solid challenge. ![]() Reviewing the Super NES version, Mike Weigand of Electronic Gaming Monthly called it "a thoroughly enjoyable and incredibly addicting puzzle game". In North America, RePlay reported the Neo Geo version of Puzzle Bobble to be the fourth most-popular arcade game in February 1995. It went on to become Japan's second highest-grossing arcade printed circuit board (PCB) software of 1995, below Virtua Fighter 2. In Japan, Game Machine listed the Neo Geo version of Puzzle Bobble on their Februissue as being the second most-popular arcade game at the time. It was almost identical aside from being in stereo and having some different sound effects and translated text. Then, 6 months later in December, the international Neo Geo version of Puzzle Bobble was released. Puzzle Bobble was originally released in Japan only in June 1994 by Taito, running on Taito B System hardware (with the preliminary title "Bubble Buster"). Two different versions of the original game were released. The closer the bubbles get to the bottom of the screen, the faster the music plays and if they cross the line at the bottom then the game is over. The number of shots between each drop of the ceiling is influenced by the number of bubble colors remaining. After every few shots, the "ceiling" of the playing arena drops downwards slightly, along with all the bubbles stuck to it. If a bubble touches identically-colored bubbles, forming a group of three or more, those bubbles-as well as any bubbles hanging from them-are removed from the field of play, and points are awarded. The fired bubbles travel in straight lines (possibly bouncing off the sidewalls of the arena), stopping when they touch other bubbles or reach the top of the arena. After clearing the arena, the next round begins with a new pattern of bubbles to clear. Bubbles will fire automatically if the player remains idle. The objective of the game is to clear all the bubbles from the arena without any bubble crossing the bottom line. The color of bubbles fired is randomly generated and chosen from the colors of bubbles still left on the screen. At the bottom of the screen, the player controls a device called a "pointer", which aims and fires bubbles up the screen. At the start of each round, the rectangular playing arena contains a prearranged pattern of colored "bubbles". ![]() Grant’s spouse, Julia Dent Grant.This year marks the 200th anniversary of the birth of Ulysses S. Soon after completing the last page, in 1885, he died. He started writing his recollections to pay off his debts and provide for his family, racing against death to produce a memoir that ultimately earned nearly $450,000. About that time he learned that he had cancer of the throat. Grant allowed Radical Reconstruction to run its course in the South, bolstering it at times with military force.Īfter retiring from the Presidency, Grant became a partner in a financial firm, which went bankrupt. He called them “narrow-headed men,” their eyes so close together that “they can look out of the same gimlet hole without winking.” The General’s friends in the Republican Party came to be known proudly as “the Old Guard.” When Grant realized their scheme to corner the market in gold, he authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to sell enough gold to wreck their plans, but the speculation had already wrought havoc with business.ĭuring his campaign for re-election in 1872, Grant was attacked by Liberal Republican reformers. Worse, he allowed himself to be seen with two speculators, Jay Gould and James Fisk. Indeed he brought part of his Army staff to the White House.Īlthough a man of scrupulous honesty, Grant as President accepted handsome presents from admirers. Grant wrote out magnanimous terms of surrender that would prevent treason trials.Īs President, Grant presided over the Government much as he had run the Army. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia.įinally, on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House, Lee surrendered. Grant directed Sherman to drive through the South while he himself, with the Army of the Potomac, pinned down Gen. Lincoln appointed him General-in-Chief in March 1864. Then he broke the Confederate hold on Chattanooga. President Lincoln fended off demands for his removal by saying, “I can’t spare this man–he fights.”įor his next major objective, Grant maneuvered and fought skillfully to win Vicksburg, the key city on the Mississippi, and thus cut the Confederacy in two. When the Confederate commander asked for terms, Grant replied, “No terms except an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted.” The Confederates surrendered, and President Lincoln promoted Grant to major general of volunteers.Īt Shiloh in April, Grant fought one of the bloodiest battles in the West and came out less well. In February 1862 he took Fort Henry and attacked Fort Donelson. He sought to win control of the Mississippi Valley. Grant whipped it into shape and by September 1861 he had risen to the rank of brigadier general of volunteers. He was appointed by the Governor to command an unruly volunteer regiment. Zachary Taylor.Īt the outbreak of the Civil War, Grant was working in his father’s leather store in Galena, Illinois. He went to West Point rather against his will and graduated in the middle of his class. One visitor to the White House noted “a puzzled pathos, as of a man with a problem before him of which he does not understand the terms.”īorn in 1822, Grant was the son of an Ohio tanner. Looking to Congress for direction, he seemed bewildered. When he was elected, the American people hoped for an end to turmoil. He was, as the symbol of Union victory during the Civil War, their logical candidate for President in 1868. ![]() Grant quarreled with the President and aligned himself with the Radical Republicans. Late in the administration of Andrew Johnson, Gen. As an American hero, Grant was later elected the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877), working to implement Congressional Reconstruction and to remove the vestiges of slavery. Grant led the Union Armies to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War. In 1865, as commanding general, Ulysses S. The biography for President Grant and past presidents is courtesy of the White House Historical Association. Get Involved Show submenu for “Get Involved””.The White House Show submenu for “The White House””.Office of the United States Trade Representative.Office of Science and Technology Policy.Executive Offices Show submenu for “Executive Offices””.Administration Show submenu for “Administration””. ![]() Currently, the fourth boat to carry the name Jungle Queen. There has been a Jungle Queen sightseeing boat since 1935. Once popular, there are now less than ten Mermaid Shows left in America. Several times a week since the 1950s, mermaids perform a show behind windows along the bar. Unfortunately, few treasures remain from the 1950-1960s Fort Lauderdale.īuilt by the Phillips 66 Petroleum company in the early 1960s, this iconic tower is a Ft. They have less narration but are a great way to see Fort Lauderdale. There are water taxies tghat will stop at select areas along the waterways. Departing from the River Walk / Los Olas area. It then follows the Intercoastal to Port Everglades, home to megayachts and cruise ships (seasonally.) There is a bar and snacks available for purchase. There are numerous ways to see the Venice of America from the water without owning a boat.ĭeparting from the River Walk, this faux sternwheeler cruises down the Middle River past elaborate mansions and celebrity homes. The Seminole girl is across the river from the Stranahan House. The statue honors the Seminole Indians who were a part of Ft Lauderdale’s history. It is on the south shore of the River Walk. This is a 12-foot bronze statue of an Indian girl playing under palmetto fronds. Would the Stranahans recognize their old neighborhood? Seminole Statue. The house is on the Riverwalk north shore. It is the oldest still-standing structure in Broward County. They would convert it five years later into their home when the town needed a larger trading store. The 1901 residence of local pioneers Frank and Ivy Stranahan, the open it as a trading post. Riverwalk Fort Lauderdale.Ī lovely path winding along the Middle River connecting numerous galleries, museums, and restaurants. The Broward Center hosts a wide variety of shows on its two stages. It sits adjacent to the Museum of Discovery and Science on the Middle River. The center plays host to Broadway shows concerts, opera, ballet, and more with two theaters. Check out the clock run by bowling balls in the atrium. Check out the bowling ball “sculpture” in the courtyard. If they are not careful, they may also learn something. The largest of its kind in Florida, this is a great place to wear out kids. Small but with an interesting collection. ![]() The museum is four blocks west of the Broward Center of Performing Arts. The collection includes vintage fire pumpers. Set in a restored 1927 firehouse, this non-profit museum is a great view into everything fire-related. Fort Lauderdale Fire and Safety Museum, Inc. The art museum is a block from the River Walk. Permanent collections, African and Latin collections include paintings, sculpture, photography, and more. With a permanent collection of over 7000 pieces, the museum offers many styles. Today it houses an impressive library of more than 400,000 historical newspaper clippings, photos, maps, and architectural blueprints. 1949 Hoch Heritage Research Center – began as an annex for the post office.The schoolhouse is small as there are only nine students at the time of construction. ![]()
![]() These are the x-rays that we measure in diffraction experiments, as the scattered x-rays carry information about the electron distribution in materials. If the wavelength of these scattered x-rays did not change (meaning that x-ray photons did not lose any energy), the process is called elastic scattering (Thompson Scattering) in that only momentum has been transferred in the scattering process. When x-ray photons collide with electrons, some photons from the incident beam will be deflected away from the direction where they originally travel, much like billiard balls bouncing off one anther. X-rays primarily interact with electrons in atoms. These powerful sources, which are thousands to millions of times more intense than laboratory x-ray tubes, have become indispensable tools for a wide range of structural investigations and brought advances in numerous fields of science and technology. Synchrotron radiation is emitted by electrons or positrons travelling at near light speed in a circular storage ring. In recent years synchrotron facilities have become widely used as preferred sources for x-ray diffraction measurements. (The energy E of a x-ray photon and its wavelength is related by the equation E = hc/ l, where h is Planck's constant and c the speed of light) (check out this neat animated lecture on x-ray production) ![]() Common targets used in x-ray tubes include Cu and Mo, which emit 8 keV and 14 keV x-rays with corresponding wavelengths of 1.54 Å and 0.8 Å, respectively. When a free electron fills the shell, a x-ray photon with energy characteristic of the target material is emitted. The high energy electrons also eject inner shell electrons in atoms through the ionization process. As electrons collide with atoms in the target and slow down, a continuous spectrum of x-rays are emitted, which are termed Bremsstrahlung radiation. In a x-ray tube, which is the primary x-ray source used in laboratory x-ray instruments, x-rays are generated when a focused electron beam accelerated across a high voltage field bombards a stationary or rotating solid target. X-rays are produced generally by either x-ray tubes or synchrotron radiation. The energetic x-rays can penetrate deep into the materials and provide information about the bulk structure. Because the wavelength of x-rays is comparable to the size of atoms, they are ideally suited for probing the structural arrangement of atoms and molecules in a wide range of materials. For diffraction applications, only short wavelength x-rays (hard x-rays) in the range of a few angstroms to 0.1 angstrom (1 keV - 120 keV) are used. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with typical photon energies in the range of 100 eV - 100 keV.
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